UNIT 4

SURVIVAL

EXTREME SPORTS
 

Referred to as extreme sports to all those that entail a certain degree of endangerment and that compromise the physical integrity of the practitioner. This degree of endangerment is determined by the conditions in which it is practiced.

These are the circumstances in which an activity, which make is practiced is it classified as extreme sports or not, for example, cycling, if practiced on a track does not fit into this classification, but mountain biking when it is on a cliff is considered as such.

Among the most dangerous is the activity most extreme is classified. Many sports and recreational activities which are not classified as hazardous become extreme sports to increase risk in conditions that are practiced, so there are high, medium and low risk.

10 examples of extreme sports:

1 motocross jumps.

2 surf near cliffs or tidal waves.

3 parachuting.

4. diving with sharks.

5. Bungee jumping.

6 bungee jumping.

7. climbing.

8 downhill fast.

9 snowmobile jumps.

10. ski jump.

 

UNIT 3

Our Restaurant

FUTURE

FINE CUISINE

Cuisine can be stated as the foods and methods of food preparation traditional to a region or population.
The major factors shaping a cuisine are climate, which in large measure determines the native raw materials that are available, economic conditions, which affect trade and can affect food distribution, imports and exports, and religiousness or sumptuary laws, under which certain foods are required or proscribed.

    

UNIT 2 Present Perfect and Simple Past Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke	irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked	regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed': when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played

See also explanations on Simple Past and Present Perfect Simple

Use

In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.

SO AND NEITHER Use so anda neither to say that you agree with or have the same experience as someone. affirmative statement: use so + affirmative auxiliary. negative statement: use neither + affirmative auxiliary.

MY FAVORITE SINGER

ADELE

Adele Laurie Blue Adkins was born May 5, 1988 in Tottenham, London, England.

He grew up being daughter of mother soltera.3 4 Adele graduated in May 2006 at the Brit School of Performing Arts of Croydon.

A month later, it published two songs on a web page for the performing arts, and began to act in United Kingdom toured with other musicians such as Jack Peñate, Jamie T, Devendra Banhart and Keren Ann and others.

He began to be interested in the world of music when he performed in a presentation at his school where he sang the theme «Rise» by Gabrielle, and gradually gained influences from other artists such as Ella Fitzgerald.

When Adele was in the final year of his studies at the Brit School recorded some demos for your class. One of his friends, Allan Rose, created a Myspace page and got their videos playing some songs, among them Chasing Pavements.

Little by little he won followers and it was opening a space in a world where only those who have true talent manage to Excel.

Adele took the stage of the Oscar Awards 2013 and delighted the guests with the interpretation of the theme of the latest film by James Bond, operation Skyfall. Adele, who had obtained the Golden Globe for 'Skyfall', was excited when together with the co-author of the subject, Paul Epworth, received the Academy Award for best original song.

Some of his songs

1. "Rolling in the Deep '

2. "Rumour Has It"

3 «Turning Tables»

4 ' don't You Remember»

5. "Set Fire to the Rain»

6. "I Won't Go»

7. "Take It All"

8. "i'll Be Waiting"

9. "One and Only"

10. "Lovesong"

11. "Someone Like You"

MUSIC

How much do you know pop?

Its cultural origins are in the mid-1960 in the United States.

His popularity is very high in the world, starring thousands of singers from the 1960's.

It is derived from rock and roll in combination with other musical genres that were in vogue at that time.

According to the dictionary of the Spanish language (2001) a certain kind of popular and light music defines pop.

It is derived from black musical styles and British folk music.

Therefore, that given the term from the English "pop"

According to the authors and scholars David Hatch and Stephen Millward music, defined pop music as "a body of music which is distinguishable from popular music, jazz and folk music.

According to musicologists often identify typical characteristics of the genre of pop music a focus on individual or simple songs instead of extensive works.

The main element of pop music is the song from three to five minutes.

The lyrics of the songs typically focus on sentimental themes or everyday life, relationships and personal experiences.

According to Grove Music Online "Western pop styles have expanded the world and have built some stylistic commonalities in the global cultures of commercial music".

According to the opinion of the British sociologist Simon Frith and rock critic, pop music occurs «as a matter of company, not of art... is designed to appeal to everyone» and «does not come from nowhere in particular or mark any particular taste».

Some are pop singers: Michael Jackson, Christina Aguilera, Adele, Shakira, Mariah Carey, Madonna, among others.

Personal opinion, pop is my favorite musical genre, there are in English and Spanish, some various artists lyrics relate them with my personal life and bring me memories.

My life wouldn't be the same without music.

  

UNIT 1


My Day
The things you do every day.

ADVERBS OF FRECUENCY

SIMPLE PRESENT

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.

• I take the train to the office.
• The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
• John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.

• The President of The USA lives in The White House.
• A dog has four legs.
• We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits.

• I get up early every day.
• Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
• They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

• It rains a lot in winter.
• The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
• They speak English at work.

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).
In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject	Verb	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	speak / learn	English at home
he / she / it	speaks / learns	English at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.

• go – goes
• catch – catches
• wash – washes
• kiss – kisses
• fix – fixes
• buzz – buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

• marry – marries
• study – studies
• carry – carries
• worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

• play – plays
• enjoy – enjoys
• say – says

Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn'T with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

• Affirmative: You speak French.
  Negative: You don't speak French.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you, we or they.

• Affirmative: He speaks German.
  Negative: He doesn't speak German.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why below.

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not
Doesn't = Does not
I don't like meat = I do not like meat.
There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't.

Subject	don't/doesn't	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	don't	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast
he / she / it	doesn't

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.
Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.
Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

• You don't speak Arabic.
• John doesn't speak Italian.
• We don't have time for a rest.
• It doesn't move.
• They don't want to go to the party.
• She doesn't like fish.

Questions in the Simple Present Tense

To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It has no translation in Spanish though it is essential to show we are making a question. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

• Affirmative: You speak English.
  Question: Do you speak English?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

• Affirmative: He speaks French.
  Question: Does he speak French?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below.
We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does.

Do/Does	Subject	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
Do	I / you / we / they	have / need want etc.	a new bike?
Does	he / she / it

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.
Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.
Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

• Do you need a dictionary?
• Does Mary need a dictionary?
• Do we have a meeting now?
• Does it rain a lot in winter?
• Do they want to go to the party?
• Does he like pizza?

Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows:

Sample Questions	Short Answer (Affirmative)	Short Answer (Negative)
Do you like chocolate?	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.
Do I need a pencil?	Yes, you do.	No, you don't.
Do you both like chocolate?	Yes, we do.	No, we don't.
Do they like chocolate?	Yes, they do.	No, they don't.
Does he like chocolate?	Yes, he does.	No, he doesn't.
Does she like chocolate?	Yes, she does.	No, she doesn't.
Does it have four wheels?	Yes, it does.	No, it doesn't.

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous is used in several instances.
To describe something which is happening at the exact moment of speech:

The boy is crying.

To describe an action that is taking place now, but not at the exact moment of speech:

He is working in Dubai.

To describe an event which is planned in the future:

I'm resitting my French exam on Tuesday.

With always, but meaning often:

My mother is always making me go to school!

She is always playing with that doll!